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In plain terms
I'adah
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I'adah is repeating an act of worship within its original time window, to fix a defect or reach greater completeness.
What it means for me: Hearing i'adah in an answer should reassure you more than worry you. The door is still open, because the time has not run out yet. This is why a mufti asks about the time before asking about the defect itself.
Example: A man finishes praying and only then notices a problem with his clothing, while there is still time left. His question becomes: should he repeat it? That question is exactly what i'adah covers.
Do not confuse with: Qada. I'adah happens within the same time; qada happens after that time has ended.
If scholars differ: Some scholars recommend repeating a prayer said alone if a congregation forms in time; others see it as optional, not required. They also differ on minor defects noticed after a prayer already finished. The difference is named here as a difference and not decided; the mufti is the reference.
Related terms
Ada
Ada is performing an act of worship inside the time the law set for it.
Qada
Qada is making up a missed obligatory act of worship, most often a fast or a prayer, at a later time. It applies when the original was missed for a valid reason, such as illness…
Batil
Batil names an act or contract lacking a pillar or condition of its formation, producing no legal effect.
Fasid
Fasid names an act or contract sound at its root but flawed in one attached condition.
Sihhah
Sihhah names an act or contract that met every pillar and condition required, so its intended legal effect applies in full.
Shart
Shart names something required for an act to count, standing outside the act itself rather than forming one of its essential parts.